Is a Dog’s Behaviour Genetic?

For canine professionals—whether you’re a trainer, behaviourist, or veterinarian—understanding the origins of canine behaviour is fundamental. One recurring question in the field is how much of a dog’s behaviour is influenced by genetics versus environmental factors and training.

The reality is a complex interplay of nature and nurture, and recognising this can shape how professionals approach the dogs in their care.

Genetics and Behaviour

Genetics form the foundation of a dog’s behavioural tendencies. Over centuries, selective breeding has hardwired certain traits into specific breeds. For instance, Border Collies display natural herding behaviours, while the innate retrieving instinct of Labradors makes them invaluable for working roles. These behaviours are not merely learned but are embedded in their DNA.

Scientific studies have identified genes linked to particular behavioural traits. For example, the DRD4 gene influences impulsivity and activity levels, while other genetic markers are associated with fearfulness, sociability, or aggression. These genetic predispositions explain why some behavioural traits are more common in certain breeds or familial lines.

However, genetic predispositions are not absolutes; they represent tendencies rather than certainties.

Environmental Influences on Behaviour

While genetics set the stage, environment and upbringing direct the performance. A dog with a genetic predisposition towards timidity, for instance, can develop confidence through proper socialisation and exposure to positive experiences. Conversely, even a genetically confident dog may exhibit fear-based behaviours if raised in a stressful or poorly managed environment.

Practical Considerations for Canine Professionals

For canine professionals, recognising the role of genetics is essential in tailoring approaches to individual dogs.

• Trainers and Behaviourists: Understanding a dog’s breed tendencies and genetic predispositions is key to designing effective training plans. For example, working-line dogs often require more mental stimulation and structured activities, whereas companion breeds may benefit more from social interaction and consistent routines.

• Veterinarians: Vets are uniquely positioned to identify early signs of behavioural challenges. Discussing the potential genetic and environmental influences with owners can promote timely interventions and help manage conditions like anxiety or aggression.

• Shelter and Rescue Staff: When working with dogs in rehoming environments, considering genetic predispositions can guide behavioural assessments and inform potential adopters. For example, a high-energy breed with working instincts may require adopters committed to providing enrichment and exercise.

Balancing Genetics and Experience

While genetics provide a framework, environment, training, and life experiences ultimately shape how these genetic tendencies manifest. For canine professionals, this balance underscores the importance of a holistic approach: acknowledging the influence of genetics while focusing on how nurture can shape behaviour.

By combining scientific understanding with practical expertise, canine professionals can better support the individual needs of dogs and empower their clients to foster positive, lifelong behaviours.